Communication in Corporate America - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1506 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/09/21 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: America Essay Communication Essay Did you like this example? Running Head: COMMUNICATION IN CORPORATE AMERICA Communication in Corporate America David Tamene Davenport University MGMT 535 Dr. Ruth September 16, 2009 Introduction Communication is one of the most vital components of a business! It is imperative that every business practices good communication within its members. From a managerial perspective, mangers have to make sure they carry out effective communication skills by actively listening to verbal and nonverbal messages. A fundamental strength of great leaders is that they communicate a powerful sense of urgency that mobilizes all troops in pursuit of a brighter and better future (Richardson, 2009). Communication is necessary for all walks of life. It is necessary in the workplace, between employees and their managers, CEOs, and fellow employees. According to one article by McEwen, communication is directly linked to company profits (Ewen, 1998). Furthermore, communication is necessary in maintaining healthy relationship s between family and friends, and especially with significant others. The present paper will analyze how and where communication was impaired and the resulting consequences it created in a very prominent financial company. Smith Financial Corporation was established in the 1800s and served many Fortune 500 companies ( Mcjannet, Hattersley, 2008). In the late 1990s, the Smith group was in need of a new Assistant Vice President and Director of Data Management. It was at this time that Frank Miller was hired. Before joining the Smith Financial Group, Miller worked as a consultant and published a few articles. Miller was keen to learn about Microsoft and thus attended many conferences. When Miller was hired at the Smith Financial Corporation, they were very eager and enthusiastic about Miller. The managers, supervisors, programmers, vice president, and CEO welcomed Miller as though he was a divine intervention whom would â€Å"fix† all their problems. However, to the contra ry, this did not yield to be the case. Soon after joining the Smith Financial team, Miller was creating all kinds of turmoil; from alienating people, to not listening to anyone’s ideas, to purchasing a â€Å"push technology† worth $45,000, not heeding any ideas except his own, and undermining everyone’s intelligence, Miller was creating problems left and right. Six months after being hired at Smith Financial Corporation, Frank Miller was relieved of his duties as Assistant Vice President and Director of Data Management. â€Å"The Internet is known as the global communications network and it is being called by many experts the most promising avenue for business in existence today. Through the use of Internet, companies and government agencies worldwide are finding exciting new ways to serve their customers and communicate with each other† (Dorobek, 2009). Though the internet is our new means of communication, I believe it is one of the biggest culpri ts for miscommunication within an organization, amongst peers, and in personal relationships. As mentioned earlier, communication is a key in every aspect of daily life. A prime example, in which communication lacked or was impaired, was in the case of Frank Miller and the Smith Financial Corporation. The root of the huge problem experienced by the Smith Financial Corporation when they hired Frank Miller was communication! In the case of Mr. Miller, from the time he was hired, there was never proper communication with him and the other staff. At first sight, Miller was brought into the company as though he was a divine intervention, simply brought to miraculously turn the company around. It was never properly communicated to Miller the extent of his job and its responsibilities. To further complicate the matter, Miller was an avid email user and thus communicated many times over email, which may not have been the best means of communication to discuss important business aspects. After being relieved of his duty, the Smith Financial Corporation was left in a â€Å"state of disbelief and shock† ( McJannet, Hattersely 2008). To their unfortunate, the Smith Financial Corporation was not only left without an assistant vice president and once again without a director of data management, but now left in $45,000 more in debt. To avoid such consequences a few simple strategies could have been placed to prevent such downfall. One strategy that could have been implemented is to have an evaluation period upon being hired for Mr. Miller. This period would act as a probation type period, in which the new employee would be evaluated every 2 weeks. The evaluation would be conducted by Brian Jones ( Vice President of Systems and Programming), and would look at how well Mr. Miller was fitting in at the corporation, and also look at any changes he has made and the resulting effects of them. Another effective strategy that could have been placed is to not wait 1 y ear to hire a new employee. One of the problems of the company was that it lacked the proper managerial leadership it needed, and thus when Mr. Miller came on board; he was probably given more power and responsibility than his job entailed. Finally, a third strategy that should have been placed is to ensure proper communication from day 1. Proper communication would entail a contract or meeting that described all of Mr. Miller’s responsibilities, his boundaries as assistant vice president, and the proper etiquette in writing emails to fellow employees. The above 3 strategies all could have been implemented in order to prevent such chaos. The first strategy, â€Å" Bi – weekly† evaluation of Mr. Miller would have prevented many problems because it would forewarn the Vice President, Brian Jones, of the changes that Miller was trying to implement. Furthermore, by doing the evaluation, Jones could have gotten an insight into Miller’s personality traits and how he undermines others and their ideas. Strategy number 2 was not waiting a year to hire a new employee. If the company had not waited a year to hire a new employee, there could have been an easier transition for the new employee: meaning that the new employee had to simply take over the previous position and run things in fairly the same manner. Finally, strategy 3 was to ensure proper communication amongst the staff and Mr. Miller. By having a meeting once a week and discussing pertinent issues, many problems could have been prevented. Proper communication would also entail that each staff member would be forewarned about meeting etiquette, email etiquette, and general respect for others and their opinions. When placed in a managerial or leadership position, listening is a key. It is vital to listen to nonverbal and verbal messages, prevent barriers, exercise willingness and care. The best strategy that I believed that would have prevented the $45,000 dollar loss and have prevented so many people feeling alienated is to execute strategy 1. By going through with this strategy, Mr. Miller would have been evaluated bi weekly. To implement this strategy, I would have made Mr. Miller aware of the probation period. This period would be for the first month, in which I would evaluate Mr. Miller and his work bi weekly. The steps I would take to conduct the evaluation would be to hold bi weekly meetings, in which the other staff members and I would discuss the changes that Mr. Miller has implemented, and the resulting effects, and also analyze how Mr. Miller fits into the corporation. By getting everyone’s opinions about Mr. Miller early on, the corporation could have prevented losing a good employee as well as other employees feeling alienated. In addition, by holding this bi – weekly meetings, I would have had the ability to analyze the work that Mr. Miller had done and analyze if his work yielded the company profits or made the situatio n worst. For example, Mr. Miller wanted to do away with Lotus Notes early on in his career at Smith Corporation, I could have analyzed whether this plan was helping the staff be more efficient at their jobs or just putting more strain on them. Furthermore, another analyses could have been underwent to analyze the funds lost or gained by investing in the â€Å"push technology. † After I evaluated Mr. Miller the first month, I would continue to oversee his doings and monitor his decisions to ensure the company was not losing other employees as well as profits. The end result would be to make sure if the company was yielding the return expected, and if not, ensuring that Miller was getting warning early on. If the warnings did not prove to cause any change, that termination would be the final answer. Though termination would not yield the results wanted, it would prevent major losses in the future of the company, and sometimes it is more important to consider the future and t he implications thereof. Reference Dorobek, C.. (2009, June). The First Step Toward Collaboration Is to Stop E- Mailing. Signal, 63(10), 88. Retrieved September 16, 2009, from Research Library Core. Document ID: 1746998831). Hattersley, M. E. McJannet, L. M. (2008). Management communication : Principles and practice (3rd ed. ). Boston: Irwin Richardson, D.. (2009, August). Leadership Communication in Chaotic Times. Of Counsel, 28(8), 10-13. Retrieved September 16, 2009, from ABI/INFORM Trade Industry. (Document ID: 1839258761). Thaddeus McEwen. (1998). The impact of type and level of college degree on managerial communication competence. Journal of Education for Business, 73(6), 352-357. Retrieved September 15, 2009, from Business Module. (Document ID: 31702727). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Communication in Corporate America" essay for you Create order

Prohibition was the Time to be a Criminal in America

â€Å"Thered never been a more advantageous time to be a criminal in America than during the 13 years of Prohibition. At a stroke, the American government closed down the fifth largest industry in the United States - alcohol production - and just handed it to criminals - a pretty remarkable thing to do† (Bill Bryson). The twenties was a fast paced fun, loving time, the one problem was no alcohol. With the twenties came the rise of jazz, flappers, different fashions, and prohibition. Jazz, flappers, and different fashions made life enjoyable but, prohibition caused the rise of criminals, who saw the demand for alcohol, and the opportunity to make money, by selling it to average people, along with government officials. Noteworthy criminals helped define the roaring twenties by helping everyday citizens break the law. To understand how this defined the decade, it is important to explore how gangsters provided alcohol to citizens, bribed police and government officials, and made criminals popular. Prohibition was a law passed whereby the manufacture, sale and transportation of alcohol was illegal, this gave gangsters and average citizens the opportunity to make easy money, if they did not get caught. The most noteworthy criminal during this time was Al Capone, in Chicago, he bribed g overnment officials, ran bootlegging rackets, prostitution, and gambling dens. Al Capone didnt become a criminal overnight, at a young age he dropped out of school and was welcomed into the localShow MoreRelated absolut Failure Essay1685 Words   |  7 Pages1920’s was a time of major social change in the United States. The social changes during this period are reflected in the laws and regulations that were implemented. One of the most prominent examples of this was prohibition. The 18th Amendment to the Constitution, or the Volsted act as it is also know, was implemented to eliminate the use of alcohol in the United States. In doing this, the advocates of prohibition hoped to also eradicate the social problems associated with alcohol. â€Å"It was an attemptRead MoreAmeric The Rise Of Organized Crime873 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor Wilson Writing Composition 2 3/21/16 America: The Rise of Organized Crime The United States of America is no stranger to corruption and extortion. Gang violence, the mafia, murder for pay and the marijuana industry in un-legalized states are a few examples of organized crime that happen in current day America. There are many different forms and types of organized crime today but where did they arise from? The rise and growth of organized crime in America can be attributed to government interventionRead MoreThe Failed Experiment that Was Prohibition Essay689 Words   |  3 PagesProhibition In the 1920s, the 18th Amendment banned a persons right to manufacture and purchase liquor. Banning the transportation, manufacture,and sale of â€Å"intoxicating† beverages was known as prohibition, the most controversial law of that century. Prohibition was strongly supported by the government and women in America that were being abused. Important groups of that time being the â€Å"Dry’s† and the â€Å"Wet’s†. Opponents of prohibition consisted of men who felt that they deserved the right toRead MoreProhibition, A Film By Ken Burns1050 Words   |  5 PagesSeptember 30, 2017 Prohibition, A film by Ken Burns – Part 2 Point 1 - Low consensus on an issue (or a law like Prohibition) means ‘enforcement is going to be difficult. To enforce an unpopular law – significant ‘resources need to be committed to the enforcement effort (e.g., regulation surveillance, violation arrests, court enforcement, etc.) How did this play itself out in the case of Alcohol Prohibition? It might be said regarding prohibition that much of America was in favor of drunksRead MoreProhibition And The Prohibition Of America1298 Words   |  6 PagesThe prohibition was a divided experiment that unintentionally brought organized crime, flourished the presence of speakeasies in America and created a high rise of criminals in America. The backfiring of the prohibition brought America an uprising in organized crime; criminals and the consumption, manufacturing and selling of alcohol became more expensive and profitable to those involved. 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Ethnic organized crime is a phenomenon that has been largely ignored by social scientists and historians . American dream is a widely used term that became a powerful metaphor, of the American values. Americans believe, that these values can be reached through hard work and individualRead MoreLaw Enforcement : The United States Essay1595 Words   |  7 PagesWe the People Law enforcement was designed in the early 1800’s by a man named Robert Peal, which is why cops are sometimes referred to as Bobbies in England; designing an organization of law enforcement that would protect people from harming other people (Christ). This was the model that we based our western law enforcement agencies on, until prohibition became a federal task in the 1920’s. This is when the federal government decided to take up the task of protecting people from themselves. FastRead MoreProhibition in the Great Gatsby1355 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluenced by prohibition. The prohibition law restricted the manufacturing, consumption, transportation, and sale of alcohol. The law was put into effect to lower the crime and corruption rates in the United States in the 1920s. It was also said to reduce social problems and lower taxes. In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald examines the negative repercussions of prohibition on the economy, characters in the Great Gatsby, and on the different social classes of the 1920s. Prohibition was passed toRead MoreOrganized Crime During the Roaring Twenties1145 Words   |  5 Pages1920s, or the Roaring Twenties as this epoch is often referred to as, was a major turning point in America history. During this time period many American citizens believed and even acted out of hedonism. This mindset of the general population and along with other dilemmas led to a stunning and rapid increase in the amount of organized crime. The sudden uproar of organized crime during the 1920s was caused mainly by prohibition that gave rise to many street gangs, all with one man at its helm, which

Capitalism and Our Society Essay Example For Students

Capitalism and Our Society Essay From the very dawn of intelligent human interaction to the present day,the concept of capitalism has dominated the way we trade goods andacquire wealth. Except for the necessity of a simple communist society inpre-modern times, or the noble humanistic notion of a socialist society,the free market has always been the most efficient way to run the economyonce the most basic needs of life have been satisfied. Only during thelast several hundred years has the idea of a modern democracy beendeveloped and applied through the modern state. These two concepts arethought by some to be interrelated, but contemporary critics of theliberal form of democracy seek to separate the two notions of capitalismand democracy. However, when examining the evidence of the relation ofthe two, let us not use the altered conceptions or versions of theseterms, but rather analyse them by their base meanings as we have come tounderstand them. After this analysis of the terms and a resultingstipulation of what the ir base meanings are, critics may say that anyfurther analysis of the relationship between the two terms would betainted by their supposed definitions. The problem with this is thatwithout a common frame of reference between the two, no comparison wouldbe logically possible without considering an infinite range of possiblemeanings. With this technical matter aside, the analysis will continuewith an investigation into arguments both for and against the separationof the two terms, and then an evaluation of the true nature ofcapitalismrsquos relationship with democracy. Specifically the freemarket economy dictating the actions of any democratic regime. After thistask of evaluation is complete, the argument will conclude withillustrating how capitalism will actually lead to a more liberal form ofdemocracy. The first step of this investigation is to make some attempt to achieve acommon frame of reference between the two terms. Literally, democracy isthe rule of the people. Specifically, it is the organization in place toallow people of a specified area, through organized elections, to givetheir uncoerced opinion on who they want to represent them in government,or what they want government to do for them. The underlyingpresupposition is that government will always obey the command of themajority of voters. There are many limitations to democracy, such as thefact that people can only vote YEA or NEA on a specific topic area, thusproducing a dichotomy of choices that may not necessarily offer asolution to a problem. Also, people must leave most decisions to thepeople they elect, since they donrsquot have enough time to continuallyvote. However, the focus of this work is not to delve into this area ofcontroversy, but rather to take this understanding of democracy as thestipulated definition for this work. One critical distinction must bemade regarding Bergerrsquos understanding of the term, and that is thatthe term democracy does not include all the civil and human rightsassociated with liberal democracy. Similarly, by capitalism, this work will not use any other connotation ofthe term other than describing the free market economy, where there isprivate ownership of property, and the economic freedom to buy, sell, ortrade with whomsoever you chose. The critical element of the term is thatthere is limited government in place to enforce contracts and to providea safe trading environment. Another specific meaning given to capitalismis by Friedman, who describes capitalism as economic cooperation, whereboth parties are benefiting from the trade, provided that the trade isvoluntary and informed on both sides. .u3b043c6f2fb91ae8f2a600c1174b71d2 , .u3b043c6f2fb91ae8f2a600c1174b71d2 .postImageUrl , .u3b043c6f2fb91ae8f2a600c1174b71d2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3b043c6f2fb91ae8f2a600c1174b71d2 , .u3b043c6f2fb91ae8f2a600c1174b71d2:hover , .u3b043c6f2fb91ae8f2a600c1174b71d2:visited , .u3b043c6f2fb91ae8f2a600c1174b71d2:active { border:0!important; } .u3b043c6f2fb91ae8f2a600c1174b71d2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3b043c6f2fb91ae8f2a600c1174b71d2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3b043c6f2fb91ae8f2a600c1174b71d2:active , .u3b043c6f2fb91ae8f2a600c1174b71d2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3b043c6f2fb91ae8f2a600c1174b71d2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3b043c6f2fb91ae8f2a600c1174b71d2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3b043c6f2fb91ae8f2a600c1174b71d2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3b043c6f2fb91ae8f2a600c1174b71d2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3b043c6f2fb91ae8f2a600c1174b71d2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3b043c6f2fb91ae8f2a600c1174b71d2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3b043c6f2fb91ae8f2a600c1174b71d2 .u3b043c6f2fb91ae8f2a600c1174b71d2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3b043c6f2fb91ae8f2a600c1174b71d2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Six Characters In Search Of Author EssayThe next step in the investigation is to analyse some of the argumentsthat capitalism is separate from democracy. Dryzek argued that anindividualrsquos consumer preferences wereproperly expressed in the economy, while the same persons politicalpreferences were expressed in politics3. This perspective indicates thatthe capitalist economy is a separate entity form the democratic politicalsystem, because these are two different institutions into which anindividual can state his or her preferences, depending on whether theyare economically or politically motivated. On the other hand, history hasgiven many examples of how a personrsquos e conomic preferences have beenstated in the political forum, such as voting for a politician that haspromised to reduce taxes or to establish free trade between two states. That same person could only express those preferences in the politicalforum, because they alone would have no power to change the structure ofthe economy such that it would seem advantageous to lower taxes

Dell Computer Corporation Essay Example For Students

Dell Computer Corporation Essay SYNOPSISIn this report an examination will be made of the production and logistics system of Dell Computer Corporation. Emphasis will be placed on the following: ? The important aspects of Dell’s product/ service? How effective is the firms resource planning procedures Dells internal and external logistics process? The key difficulties potential points of failure in the Dell’s logistics process? How technologies are being used or can be used to make the logistics function more efficient/effective?What is Dell Computers all about?Michael Dell founded Dell Computer Corporation in 1984 having only $1000 start-up capital. To date, his business has grown to become the second largest computer systems producer in the world, with average daily sales of more than $5 million. The ‘hub’ of Dells production system is based in the U.S (Round rock, Texas), while other factories are located in Nashville, Tennessee, Limerick, (Ireland), Penang, Malaysia, Xiamen, China and Eldorado do Sul, Brazil. Dell has offices in thirty-four countries around the world and sells its products and services in more than one hundred and seventy countries. The table below provides a break down of Dells global market growth and position. Monetary values are quoted in US$ in millions. Continent Market Position Net Revenue as at January 28/2000 Annual Growth RateDell AmericasDell Europe/Middle East/AfricaDell Asia Pacific and Japan127 1787955901796 48%24%52%According to Dells forecast it is estimated that total revenue will amount to US$33 billion this year, where US$20 billion will be as a result of online transactions. (1) In the Appendix of this report, a consolidated statement of income on Dells financial position for the year ending 28/1/00 is presented. The important aspects of Dells Product and ServiceDells core competency lies in customising its product – computer hardware and software to the specific needs of the consumer. The organisation has been able to gain a cost advantage by creating a standardised product as well as achieving the market advantage of variety and uniqueness. The modular design of Dells products has made that possible. Dells use of modular design involves using a standardised building block/chassis to which; value is added by building each product to the customer’s specifications, the outcome being a unique finished product. Modular design also gives Dell the increased flexibility in its procurement function. The diagram below highlights this flexibility:Dell Computers CorpSuppliers (figure 1.1) Suppliers Figure 1.1 provides a simplistic example of Dells supply chain. The numbered squares each represent a component supplier. Hypothetically speaking lets us assume that supplier number 5 provides Dell with circuit boards. Management has discovered that it would be more efficient ordering that component from a regional supplier, therefore decides to cut supplier 5 out of the supply chain and switches to supplier number 6. The modular design of the product makes that possible as well as the fact that the bulk of the components are not being ordered from a single supplier. Dells product range includes the following:Based on the information above it can be said that, Dell is one of the most ideal models of a market-orientated organisation. By having a direct relationship with its customers the organisation has been able to gain an understanding of their individual needs and therefore, strategically segmenting the market as follows:? Home and Home office ? Small business Center (businesses under 400 employees)? Medium and large business (businesses with over 400 employees)? Internet Service Providers (Internet service providers, application service providers and web hosting companies)? Health Care business? Government agencies? Education facilitiesDell has characterised its relationship with the market segments above under one broad heading that is The Dell Direct Model. .ude1fbae93b5deabec477b04f55e3267f , .ude1fbae93b5deabec477b04f55e3267f .postImageUrl , .ude1fbae93b5deabec477b04f55e3267f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ude1fbae93b5deabec477b04f55e3267f , .ude1fbae93b5deabec477b04f55e3267f:hover , .ude1fbae93b5deabec477b04f55e3267f:visited , .ude1fbae93b5deabec477b04f55e3267f:active { border:0!important; } .ude1fbae93b5deabec477b04f55e3267f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ude1fbae93b5deabec477b04f55e3267f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ude1fbae93b5deabec477b04f55e3267f:active , .ude1fbae93b5deabec477b04f55e3267f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ude1fbae93b5deabec477b04f55e3267f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ude1fbae93b5deabec477b04f55e3267f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ude1fbae93b5deabec477b04f55e3267f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ude1fbae93b5deabec477b04f55e3267f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ude1fbae93b5deabec477b04f55e3267f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ude1fbae93b5deabec477b04f55e3267f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ude1fbae93b5deabec477b04f55e3267f .ude1fbae93b5deabec477b04f55e3267f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ude1fbae93b5deabec477b04f55e3267f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: My Dog - Bella Claire EssayThe Dell Direct ModelThis model involves several factors namely:? Build to order manufacturing? Low cost high speed distribution and procurement system? Direct relationship with customersThese three factors are essentially the backbone of Dells operations and the means through which the organisation is able to differentiate itself from competitors, therefore sustaining a significant competitive advantage. Dell is the entire distribution channel from the procurement to the delivery of the finished product/service to the consumer. By eliminating the middleman in the supply chain Dell is able to exert greater control over cost and quality in the pro duct and the efficiency of the lead-time. The organisation realises that each of its market

Interview Single Parenting and Teenage Pregnancy Essay Example

Interview: Single Parenting and Teenage Pregnancy Paper The person that I choose for my Interview was Audrey . Audrey Is 40 years old and Is a full time single mother to 9 children and Is currently raising two of her sisters children. The reason that I choose her for my interview is because she flats into both categories of my topic which are single parenting and teenage pregnancy. 1. What social factors such as race, class, and gender contribute to Single-parenting? When I think about the social factors that contribute to single parenting, in my pinion I feel like race has little to do with it because anyone of any race can be a single parent. The biggest contributor would be gender because its harder for a woman to Just walk away from her kids. Now Im not saying that men cannot become a single parent its Just that they have the option to either be there not before the baby is even born. Class Is another big factor because If the other parent does not have any money, they may feel like they have nothing to offer their children so why bother? 2 How does growing up In a Single-parent house affect the children? Because my childrens ages vary from 20 years old to 3 years old, I see two different affects. We will write a custom essay sample on Interview: Single Parenting and Teenage Pregnancy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Interview: Single Parenting and Teenage Pregnancy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Interview: Single Parenting and Teenage Pregnancy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When it comes to the older children, they use to wonder where their fathers were, or why they were not in their lives. They experienced a little bit of self-doubt, but as time went on they got over it. With the younger children, they never knew a home with two parents so it has no affect on them. 3. What are some of the negative side affects that Single-parenting has on society as a whole? Single parenting has no negative affect on society. Just because the parent y need Welfare of or food stamps, that does not mean that it brings down society. 4. How does coming from a Single-parent household affect the childrens education? When looking at the big picture, it could have a negative affect on the childrens education, but as far as my household Is concern there Is not negative affect. I make it a priority to make sure that all my children In school homework Is done before they watch television, leave the house, anything. Not only do I make sure that the homework is right, I check it to see if the answers are correct, I make them study, and I sign all of the that test they take so I know where they stand in school. 5. To what extent does teenage pregnancy lead to Single-parenting? Teenage pregnancy leads to Single-parenting because when your young and you tell the guy that youre pregnant, they do one of two things they leave as soon as you tell them or, say there going to stay then later on leave. Either way, both of those solution leave the mother to raise the child by herself. 6. How does being a Single-parent affect the well being of the parent? It affects you the most In the beginning, especially when you had been with that person for a while ND they Just decided one day to Just pick up and leave. I was depressed when the first three left. I felt like it was my fault, like I had did something wrong to him. During ten pregnancy I Kina AT got over, out as soon as ten Danny was Odor, I went ruling Deck into my depression. It was like how could you leave something so special? Then it was even harder when the children looked like the fathers. My feelings kept getting hurt over and over again whenever I would call and they wouldnt pick up the phone, or promise to help and never did. So it does have an affect on the parent. But after a while I realized that crying was not going to bring them back and I had to do what was best for my kids, and having a mother that was moping around feeling bad for herself wasnt what they needed. 7. How could social factors such as race and class affect the amount of resources for preventative care? It affects it because if you do not have any money or insurance, sometimes you cannot afford birth control. Yeah there are clinics, but you dont have a way or do not know about them, then that limits it as well. 8. How could being a Single-parent lead to drug use? It could lead to drug use because sometimes you become so overwhelmed by all that you have to do by yourself you began to look for an out. If you have the wrong people around then it is easy to fall into. Authors Notes After I completed this interview I was able to see that not all single parents are depressed about their situation. Some single parents, like Audrey actually do not mind being the only provider for her children. In fact, now more than ever women are choosing to become single parents. I learned that because I have an opinion about how hard it is to be a single parent, does not mean everyone feels the same way.

When to Write a Law School Addendum

When to Write a Law School Addendum In the law school application process, students are usually given the option of whether to submit an addendum to their file. Read on to learn more about what an addendum is, when you should write one, and perhaps most importantly, when you shouldnt. What Is an Addendum? An addendum as it pertains to the law school application process is an extra essay that you may include to help explain a weakness in your file. Law school applicants usually write addendums when there is anything they are concerned will prompt questions for the admissions committee. Â  Proper Form for an Addendum An addendum shouldnt be more than a few paragraphs long and should be labeled as an addendum at the top of the page. The structure of the addendum should be simple: state the topic you want to explain, give the point you want to communicate, and then offer a short explanation. Remember you are submitting this document to address what the admissions committee may see as a weakness, so you dont want to spend an excessive amount of time drawing attention to negative aspects of your file. In the case of the addendum, admissions readers are not looking for an in-depth discussion. Admission readers read a lot in the first place and as stated earlier, going into a detailed explanation of a weakness may draw undesired attention to it. Proper Way to Use an Addendum You should write an addendum if you feel that something in your file needs further explanation- so much so that without such explanation, the admissions committee wouldnt be getting an accurate representation of you. Here are some scenarios for which an addendum would be appropriate:Â   A failing gradeA semester in which you did particularly poorlyGaps in your academic careerAn LSAT score that does not reflect your ability to do law school level workAn overall GPA that does not reflect your ability to do law school workA medical emergency that affected a grade or LSAT scoreA family emergency that affected a grade or LSAT score To elaborate on some of these situations, if your poor LSAT score or semester of school was because of a death in your immediate family, this is a good reason to write an addendum. Also, if you have a low LSAT score but also a history of scoring low on standardized tests and then performing at a high level in school, this is another good reason for an addendum. Still, just because your situation falls into one of these categories, that doesnt necessarily mean you should write an addendum. It is always a good idea to ask your pre-law advisor for advice regarding your specific situation. Read some sample addendums on these and other subjects. Wrong Ways to Use an Addendum Using an addendum to offer excuses for a poor LSAT score or GPA is not a good idea. If it sounds whiny, it probably is. An excuse like you didnt have enough time to prepare for the LSAT because of your college course load, for example, is not a good reason to write an addendum. You especially want to stay away from the concept that you were irresponsible as a college freshman but now youve turned your life around. The admissions committee will be able to see that from your transcripts, so you dont need to waste their time with an addendum spelling it out. Overall, dont feel like you should try to find a reason to write an addendum if a legitimate reason doesnt exist; the admissions committee will see right through your attempt, and you could find yourself on the fast track to the rejection pile.

Social Research Methods Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Research Methods - Case Study Example There are various reliability measures which include observer reliability, test reliability, parallel reliability, and consistent reliability. This involves the efforts to establish where their observations are consistent with the others, example a study involving the interview of two individuals then there is a need to compare the two observations and establish whether the results from both observations are consistent and therefore reliable. In test reliability we try to establish the correlation between studies undertaken in two time periods, it is evident from research that given the same sample and undertake the study after a short time period than the higher the correlation but if we took the same sample and the have a longer time period then the lower the correlation. This involves testing reliability using any set of questions that tend to yield same results, in a study questions can be split into two where the second part tends to establish the same results as the first part, this way the similarities will help establish whether the results are consistent and reliable. This involves establishing a single measure of consistency on a group of participants at the same time and try to establish whether the results are consistent, this helps in determining whether a study undertaken on the group will be consistent. All the above methods are used in establishing whether the results of a study are reliable or not, however, the methods have their strength and weakness but they are important in determining reliability. The validity can be defined as the best approximation of truth of inference, however, the validity of a study does not depend on the use of good study design or even use of good samples in the study. Validity measure is divided into four including conclusion validity, internal validity, construction validity and finally external validity. Conclusion validity involves comparing the results of the study and the conclusion, for example, if in a study we want to establish the relationship that exists between variable A and B and that A causes B then if we conclude that A causes B then the results are valid.

Astronmy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Astronmy - Essay Example The planets appear to be varying in brightness since they are not always at the same distance from the earth Earth centered universe was proposed by ancient Greek philosophers, Aristotle and Ptolemy. All heavenly bodies are attached to 56 concentric spheres which rotate around the Earth. In their superseded theory of geocentric model, they assumed that earth is at the centre of universe and all planets and stars like sun revolves around the earth. The Greeks were also believed that the motion of the planets were circular and not elliptical. They also believed that the stars were circling around the poles and the stars near the equator rising and setting each day and circling back to their rising point. Polish astronomer Nicolas Copernicus was the first who put forward the sun centered universe theory which is known as heliocentric theory in the 1514. This theory assumes sun at the centre of the universe and all other planets revolving around it except moon. He was successful in predicting the earth’s third place in the solar system. He also believed that the shape of the orbit in which the planets revolving around the sun is not exactly circular. â€Å"Sometimes Mars went forward, other times it slowed down or went backwards. If the planets all revolved around the Earth, why didnt Mars orbit in a uniform way?† (Dean Regas) This idea actually questioned the authenticity of earth centered universe model and encouraged Copernicus to formulate his famous heliocentric theory. Earth centered universe concept was an ancient theory formulated mainly by some Greek philosophers like Aristotle, Ptolemy, Plato etc. Observations seem to reinforce this view. The Sun rises in the east and sets in the west. Stars in the north spin counterclockwise around the North Star. And the Earth appears to be the only thing that doesnt move. (Dean Regas) They argued that if the earth did move, then one

Future of Physical Geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Future of Physical Geography - Essay Example There are, also, other meteorological factors that make up the climate for a certain region and causes variations over a period of time. There are several different theories used to determine and study climate changes over short and long periods of time. The Thornthwaite system uses the study of temperature and precipitation as well as studying animal species, their diversity and how it impacts climate changes. The Bergeron and Spatial Synoptic system focuses mainly on the origin or air masses that make up the climate of a certain region. Paleoclimatology is the study of ancient climates. Since education and study of climates was not prevalent until the 19th century, this type of climate study uses non-biotic evidence such as sediments found in lakebeds, ice cores, tree rings and coral. Historical time spans show that there are a number of variables that determine climate which include, latitude, altitude, percent proportion of land to water, and the location to oceans and mountains. Another factor that plays a role and is more regional, are warming of the oceans and how the heat is distributed between land and water Also, density of vegetation and how it affects solar heat absorption, retention of water, and rainfall regionally. Alterations in atmospheric greenhouse gases determine the amount of solar energy retained by our planet. This, in turn, leads to global warming or cooling. There are many variables that determine our weather, and they all interact with each other in various regions to produce differing climates. In the next few paragraphs I will break down the different climates and show their characteristics. Differing climate range from the moist dampness of the rain forests to the dry air of the deserts, and others in between. The rain forests are typically characterized by high rainfall. This area averages between 69 inches and 79 inches of rain per year. The temperatures in this climate average also around 64 degrees during all the months of the y ear. A Monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind, which can last for months at the time. It usually is the onset of a regions’ rainy season. The areas known for this climate are North America, South America, the lower Saharan Africa, Australia and Eastern Asia. A Tropical Savanna is a grassland biome located in a semi-humid area of subtropical and tropical latitudes. The average temperatures in these areas are 64 degrees year round. The rainfall in this type of area averages 30 to 50 inches in a year. This type of climate is also found in India, Malaysia, Australia and some northern parts of South America. The Humid Subtropical climate zone is associated with large storms of winter snowfall and rainfall. However, most rainfall during the summer months consists of thunderstorms and a few tropical cyclones. These climatic areas are located roughly between latitudes 20 degrees and 40 degrees away from the equator and on the east side continents. A Humid Continental climate is charac terized by variable weather patterns and large variance in seasonal temperatures. These areas usually see temperatures averaging 50 degrees in the warm months and 26.6 degrees in the cooler months. An Oceanic Climate is most often found along the west coasts at the middle latitudes of the entire world’s continents. This type of climate can be found also in Australia and characterized by heavy rainfall year round. Hot, dry summers and cool

The Sex Selective Abortions In India

The Sex Selective Abortions In India The practice of terminating pregnancy based on the predicted sex of the baby is called Sex Selective abortion. Practice of sex selective abortion is very common is India, China, Pakistan and some other countries as well. The most common reason for the performing this act is to have male child instead of female one where their cultural norms value male child more over female child. This is about abortion, of course but its also a much larger problem: the worth of a womans life. In a culture where sons inherit properties and they carry on family name but daughters dont, more ever girls are more vulnerable to infanticide, abuse and neglect. (CHLOE, 2011). This paper presents how ethical is the abortions that are sex selective and what are the steps taken to prevent such practices. This will also focus on the beliefs of people of India. Background The incidents of female fetuses abortions are recent phenomenon due to the change and development in the medical technologies and diagnosis processes. But their roots can be traced to the female infanticide. The British rulers in India noted their experiences into their diaries during their travel to India. In 1835, one of the British officials James Thompson, while speaking to the landowners of Utter Pradesh, addressed one of them to be a son-in law of other. That comment created a sarcastic laugh among the farmers. When asked for their laughs, they said that he could not be son-in-law as there were no daughters in village. Thompson added that it was considered to be a most serious calamity to have a female child. And female children were seldom allowed to live. (Miller, 1983) Most abortions are done because of unplanned pregnancy or having a child causes danger or crisis to woman. Therapeutic Abortions Therapeutic abortions result from a medical reason where giving birth to a child may endanger womans health and life. Selective Abortions Selective abortion are those small fraction of abortion that occur in the cases where particular fetus is perceived as having undesirable characteristics. There are few reasons why the selective abortion is practiced. The unborn child is a girl, and parents due to cultural or other reasons, want a boy. When the fetus is defective. The pregnancy is intended to give birth to a child with specific genetic properties, and fetus doesnt have them. (Selective abortion) According to the study published in journal The Lancet, the number of the abortions due to reason of the sex of child has been increasing in last few years and the increase in numbers are alarming. The researchers state that there have been 4 to 5 million sex selective abortion performed during last three decades and the problem is still worsening. (CHLOE, 2011) From 2001 census of India, its very clear that there has been an unusual high sex ratio for the young children that have sparked the concern about the use of sex-selective abortions to satisfy parental preferences of sons. According to National Family Health Survey, also known as NFHS-2 , sex ration of male to female child is abnormally high that is 107-121 males per 100 females in 16 of Indias 26 states. There has been an extensive use of ultrasound technology and amniocentesis during pregnancy, particularly in Gujarat, Haryana and Punjab. The study also showed the masculine SRBs and worsening or persistent female mortality disadvantage despite overall mortality decline, the reasons behind that are female child neglect and the wide spread use of female infanticide in above mentioned and other places in India (Rajan, 1999). In a study conducted, the researchers stated that after firstborn girl, selective abortions of girls have been increased in India. And most of the population of I ndia lives in the states where selective abortions of girl child are common. (Prbhat Jha, 2011) The future mother and fathers families attend the sex-selection testing procedures and many a times the abortion is done against the will of the mother. The government has shown red eyes to those families pressurizing the expecting mother to undergo abortion. (Quinn, 2012) fig.1.jpg (Natrajan, 1972) Ethical views on Abortions and Sex-selective abortions As Rosalind Hursthouse states, any action is considered right given certain circumstances, from a virtual ethical perspective if and only if it is what the moral agent would do in same kind of circumstances. Here we will consider the case of pregnancy, when considering that when the ones decision to abort of not is called a right action when compared to its alternatives actions? (Caouette, 2012) A difficult case for the defenders emerges when there is a case of abortion for the removal of unwanted fetus because the fetus is of unwanted gender: Sex selective abortion. Sex selective abortion has always meant to be the elimination of female fetuses. In some countries it is not limited to fetuses, it also extends to infanticide. Abortion means killing a person, Warren states for instance, is no more serious than killing a guppy then abortion of human because of sex differences would be permissible. Many defenders would feel uncomfortable by such a conclusion. Many thinkers hold that abortion in general is morally problematic. However some arguments against sex-selective abortions can be understood based on the only assumption that human fetus is not a person with rights, but this assumption is related to abortion in the general only not to sex-selective abortion. (Kaczor, 2011) As here we are talking about India, we would focus more on the issues in context to India. Even though India has been worshipping Goddesses since long, some of the expectant mothers from India have been pressured by family and culture that privilege males into aborting their female fetuses. The government is becoming very strict now; new law makes the entire family to have a jail for at least 7 years, if the reason is found to be the female gender of fetus for the abortion. (Quinn, 2012) There has been always a role of the clinician to get these all deed done. So government has also decided to fine the clinicians involved in the cases of abortion due to gender discrimination. In some less-developed part of India, a daughter is seen as a financial burden to the family members in future. The reason behind this is considered to be the culture of giving dowries at the time of marriage of the daughters. The author adds that, there are ethical questions regarding the abortions of female fetuses. The number of men in India outnumbers the number of women by 40 million. Indian government wants the women population to grow but on the other hand it is restricting the womans reproductive rights of allowing her what she wants to do with her body. (Quinn, 2012) Moral and Ethical principles According to Mettanando Bhikkhu professor at Oxford and Harvard university, there are five fundamental questions that divide the thinking, moral principles and ethics to individuals. They are: Who am I? What is this world? Is there any afterlife? What is the meaning of my life? Why this has to happen to me? According to the answers one give o above mentioned fundamental questions, the people can be characterized as either from a modern society or from a traditional society. The modern society believes scientifically and the traditional one has the religious views. Abortion is considered as a eternal controversy. There have been two different views from the moral principles of the different groups. Pro-life: The human life is very sacred. Abortion is considered morally wrong and should be criminalized as it is equal to murder. Pro-choice: this group thinks that woman has right to terminate the pregnancy regardless of the reason for that. (Bhikkhu) Whatever the specific reason for the abortion, most feminists believe that the women concerned are in the best position to judge whether the abortion is an appropriate response to the pregnancy or not. Generally the woman never wants abortion that is influenced by the sex of fetus. The women should get entire control on their reproductive lives and be free from male dominance or family dominance. (Dickens, 2002). Religious views: Hinduism: If we talk about life according to Hindu scriptures, it is basically a dualistic model consisting of atam (spirit) and prakriti (matter). According to carak samhita, a Hindu medical text, at the time of conception only the soul is already joined. Though there are different opinions regarding ensoulments in Hindu scripture. According to the Garbh Samhita, the encoulments take place in the seventh month of pregnancy. Though there are some different opinions regarding the consciousness in to the womb. Vishnu puran, a famous hindu scripture, describes the consciousness in the womb. (Moad, 2004) The practice of abortion is negatively described in ancient Hindu scriptures, The Vedas. In the text Rg Samhit, possibly originating before 1200BC, Lord Vishnu is the protector of the child re-birth, implying that fetus actually deserved even divine reverence. While Atharva Veda expresses following plea in regard to those who perform abortion: With what bonds the overslaughed one is bound apart, applied and tied up on each limb let them be released, for they are releasers; wipe off difficulties, O Pushan, on the embryo slayer. VI-112.3 Enter thou after the beams, the smokes, O evil; go unto the mists or also the fogs; disappear along those foams of the rivers: wipe off difficulties, O Pushan, on the embryo slayer.VI-113.2 (Moad, 2004) Female is seen as Goddess in Hinduism and aborting fetus because of the gender is considered a biggest sin. Evidently, embryo slayer is seen as a killer and a suitable candidate to bear sufferings and sins of the rest of vedic community. In another Hindu scripture Visnudharmasutra, one who performs abortion is similar to attempting the worst sin in Hindu society, killing a Brahmin. (Moad, 2004) Christian: Christian and Jewish groups oppose sex-selection abortion very strongly. While the prolife-movements is pushing too hard these days leading to vote on the bill to ban the sex-selection abortions, some Christian churches remained silent on the measure and took positions opposite to it. The church belonged groups Methodist Federation for social Action, justice and witness Ministries of the United Church of Christ and Presbyterian Voices for Justice voiced their opposition to the sex-selection abortion ban. They are also supported by a number of groups including: Jewish Reconstructionist Federation, National Council of Jewish Women, and Union for Reform Judaism, Hadassah, Women of Reform Judaism, .and the Womens League for Conservative Judaism. (Ertelt, 2012) The Institute on Religion and Democracy asks why so many churches are not taking any stand to oppose the act of sex-selective abortions. The Institute on Religion and Democracy voted and strongly condemned sex-selective abortion as as a particularly lamentable and violent expression of sexism. Churches should be among first to stand and oppose the act of sex-selective abortions said IRD President Mark Tolley. Most of the church groups are concerned about issues like social justice and global problems that range from lack of access to drinking water to plight of those persons victimized by sex trafficking, Yet the gender-selective abortion should be considered as global problem only, Mark added. (Ertelt, 2012). Buddhism: It is very clear from the sources that sex-selective abortions have been disapproved by Buddhism as well. Superficially, situation seems not unlike the Roman Catholism, where the abortion though disapproved in the strongest terms by the churches drawing a canonical tradition. The most fundamental is consciousness (vi~n~naa.na), the fifth. More ever to specify the consciousness the criteria of moral status is nearly impossible to isolate (Barnhart, 1997). Sex-selective abortion practice in India As there has been always a social and Indian cultural demand to have male child, there was high curiosity among the expecting parents to know the gender of fetus. So, sex determination itself became a business for the clinicians. Sex determination became big business in India after it was introduced into 1970s. The billboards were stating that, Invest Rs.500 now and save Rs.50000 later. These kinds of advertisements were encouraging the expecting parents and save future dowry (Kusum, 1993). Posters in the train station promoted the sex-determination together with an abortion for just Rs.70. Certain clinicians used to distribute the flyers advertising their services. (Jeffery, 1984) However not all the clinicians are personally happy by doing these, sex determinations and abortions. (Professional obligations vs Personal ethics) Curlin_2009_physicians_obligations.png Courtesy: (Professional obligations vs Personal ethics) Social Context: To understand the practice of sex-selective abortion in India, one has to thoroughly understand the roots of cultural norms and basis of son preference in India. The concept of Son Mania in India is multi-faceted and deeply embedded in Indian culture (Ramanamma, 1980). In the ancient India text Athrva Veda, there are mantras written to change the sex of fetus from female to girl. A sons birth considered to be a sunrise in the abode of god and to have a son was as essential as to have food once a day, where as daughters birth was considered a cause for greatest sadness and disappointment (Ramanamma, 1980). Indian society is patrilocal, patriarchal, and patrilineal. The sons are supposed to carry family name. Sons are also charged with the duty and task to support their parents in old-age. Whereas on other hand daughters get married and become part of husbands family, they dont make any further contribution to birth parents. There is a saying in India that, bringing up a daughter is like watering to neighbors plant. (Jeffery, 1984). Since most reasons for the preference for sons are economically based, it is really very ironic to find that the extreme level of sex-ratio that is more boys to girls are found into the higher casts who tend to have wealth (Miller, 1981). Since come into the practice, the physicians always have been a strong support to those parents who want the sex-selective abortion done. This argument also involves the right to let the families make their personal decision. If we think a case of a woman having two or three daughters and still she deliver a girl child then her life will become difficult and she will have too many daughters. One of the famous Bombay gynecologists state that, How can you deny the mother to have a son instead of daughter? Who are we to take away her right to decide that she should have a daughter or son? It is better to get rid of the unwanted child than to suffer the whole life (Kusum, 1993). Although practitioners might have interests in this because of financial interest, its considerable that their views will be their interest oriented rather than in the interest of overall ethical situation. Governments Response Since the problem of male to female ratio is worsening, India has shown the history of activism and policy attention to Female -selective abortions. It started all the way in 1988 from the state of Maharashtra. Maharashtra banned the use of amniocentesis for the purpose of sex-determination. Fines and prison were made mandatory for those who administer the test as well as woman and her family undergoing the test. Within the same year, there were doubts raised regarding effectiveness of the ban on the sex-determination, because the private sector remained unregulated. The lack of government action was cited by a group of activist in Mumbai, which advertised the sex-determination and sex preselection. (Miller, Female-Selective Abortion in Asia: Patterns, Policies, and Debates, 2001) The Indian government has opposed the practice of female infanticide and the practices of sex-selective abortions, but has been very slow and ineffectual in applying the law strictly around the country. The dowry prohibition act was passed by Indian government in 1961 itself approximately a decade ago the sex-determination techniques were introduced in India. Despite its revision in 1983 and 1985, this law has been poor in implementation (Bumiller, 1990). Maharashtra state provided the first policy model to take serious steps against these kind of practices. (Miller, Female-Selective Abortion in Asia: Patterns, Policies, and Debates, 2001) The salient features of Maharashtra Regulation of Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act are as follows (Kusum, 1993): Pre-natal diagnosis is permitted only to detect any kind of fetus abnormalities that includes sex-linked genetic diseases. The test can only be undertaken by a high risk pregnant woman who should meet one or more of the following criteria: Age over 35 years History of 2 or more abortions or miscarriage History to the exposure to any hazardous substances Hereditary genetic disorder The uses of all kind of prenatal diagnosis techniques are banned for the purpose of determination of sex of fetus. Three authorities were made to operate all these policies, State Appropriate Authority, State Vigilance Committee, and Local Vigilance Committees. The woman who experienced two or more therapeutic abortions in past technically becomes eligible under this act. Secondly, while determining the ex-linked genetic disorder the can theoretically reveal the sex of fetus to the physician. So needless to say, corruption, increased in illegal practices made the practice of sex-determination unabated. (Kusum, 1993) Conclusion Sex-selective abortion should be best called Female-selective abortions. India is a very large democracy. The laws in country are very difficult to apply thoroughly because of the corruption and such other issues in Indian government. The clinicians, most of them never apply their own ethical and moral principles to such cases, everyone is busy collecting wealth. Morally my own beliefs, my faith in my religion, my nation never allow me to attempt such sin. A son and a daughter should be considered equal. We are living in 21st century, where there is nothing that a woman cannot do and a man can do. Personally I believe that the sex-determination should not be banned but there should be awareness among the expecting parents about the importance of life. The woman should be made think that what if her mother had aborted her? Everyone has got right to live, to take lives, is not in our hands. There is no country in the world that has placed sex-selective abortion high on its policy agenda, though the United Nations included pre natal sex selection in its Program of Action in Cairo Conference on Population and development in 1994 (Miller, Female-Selective Abortion in Asia: Patterns, Policies, and Debates, 2001) We should respect human rights as well. India is a developing nation and it should be thought that women are an intact part of Indian workforce. To conclude with, I strongly take my position against the use of sex-determination and the practice of sex-selective abortion around the globe, we all will have to re-think and develop a inner sense of equality and freedom.

An Analysis of Robert Ji-Song Kus Leda Essay -- Leda Essays

An Analysis of Robert Ji-Song Ku's Leda      Ã‚  Ã‚   In Robert Ji-Song Ku's short story "Leda," the main character, Sorin, leads a life of imitation. He applies himself to his graduate studies in comparative literature a little too readily: he compares not just text to text; he also compares his life to text, to "works of literature" (Wong 281). If his life does not match that of at least one literary character on several levels of interpretation, whether emotional, physical, or mental, he changes his behavior so that it will. For example, he begins to "smoke and drink - heavily...simply because every one of Hemingway's heroes did it. For a while I drank only vodka martinis in public because I read that James Bond drank it exclusively ... I ... also smoked [his] particular brand of cigarettes" (280). In "Leda," the two influential "oeuvres" (280) are Junichiro Tanizaki's The Bridge of Dreams, a "haunting retelling of the Oedipal myth" (281), and the story of Leda, in Greek mythology. Both have extensive influence on Sorin, and their influences intertwine in his behavior to the extent that it is difficult to separate and identify each.    "Leda" is primarily an Oedipal tale thanks to the influence of Bridge, but, as Sorin "frequently finds himself doing things, saying things, and make certain choices [because] ... some of the most intriguing characters in books have done the same," he mixes Oedipus with Zeus, Castor and Pollux to produce the character he becomes when interacting with Leda, his lover. Oedipus, of course, is the Greek dramatic character who, when he discovers he has married his mother and has had children with her, gouges his eyes out. Zeus is the philandering Greek father of the gods who, according to Greek l... ...or having lived his life vicariously.    Works Cited "Castor and Polydeuces." Microsoft Encarta Online. 27 February 1999 http://encarta.msn.com/index/conciseindex/54/05444000.htm. "Cheju Island." 17 February 1999 http://www.chejuinfo.net/index_e.html. Criss, P. J. "Leda." 17 February 1999 http://www.cybercom.com/~grandpa/ledax.html. Hefner, Alan G. "Zeus." The Encyclopedia Mythica. 27 February 1999 http://www.pantheon.org/mythica/articles/z/zeus.html. "Leda and the Constellation Cygnus." Department of Engineering, University of Michigan. 17 February 1999 http://windows.ivv.nasa.gov/mythology/cygnus.html. Webb, Ruth H. "Leda." 17 February 1999 http://www.princeton.edu/~rhwebb/leda.html. Wong, Shawn, ed. Asian American Literature: A Brief Introduction and Anthology. New York: Harper Collins College Publishers, 1996.      

Is Proof of the existence of God Neccessary

Or Are Science And Religion In Conflict? Introduction Mankind is created in the image of God does not actually refers to the biological or the bodily forms as God Is a spoilt. The manly body does not belong to the image since God has no body as described earlier. One of the ideologists suggests that Adam resembled Christ more than Christ would have resembled his own half brothers. The main aspect of the image in God deals with the fact that God endues some of his divine characteristics to the man.This, therefore, demarcates man from the beasts and other creatures of the earth (Gardener, 2002). There are different opinions regarding this notion amongst the Christians as to what exactly image in God means. As man was made in the image of God so whoever sheds man's blood, his blood will also be shed. As every single Individual Is made in the Image of God, everyone should be treated equally. Moreover, man should be treated with honor and dignity because they reflect God. We know that man y people on this course of the earth are full of evil and hatred, and we should try our best to treat all of them equally.The term â€Å"image in God† has been mentioned In Bible thrice. In genesis, it has been Illustrated that man was created In the Image of God. In Cord.. A phrase proved that Jesus was actually the â€Å"Image of God†. These two verses can mean that God's character and attributes are reflected directly in man. This cannot be related with a physical appearance surely as Jesus remarks in John that God is a spirit and spirits are not made up of bones and flesh. Thus, one can say that Image of God totally deals with God's reflection in man (Lewis C. 2005) Discussion and Analysis A vocation can be defined as a call or summon. It can be regarded as an occupation for which a man is perfectly suitable. The meanings of this term first emerged from The general idea of vocation is centrally based over the Christian belief that God has created every single perso n with a specific cause. God has bestowed man with gifts and talents that are specifically oriented towards ways and purposes of life. In the Catholic Churches, the whole idea behind the vocation is the divine call associated to the Church and humanity.More specifically, we can say that Christian vocation mainly deals with the use of one's gifts in their professional life, family and church in order to achieve the greater source of good (Kelly, 2002). Thus, God in His creative purpose has created man by His own image. God's grand design of a man narrates His uniqueness. All of humanity is made in the image of God. Genesis tells that God created man from His own image and His own likeness. This can be regarded as an important scripture. Man in God's image or Imago Die should be primarily related to man's relation to God. It suggests moreover that man should strive to be relational (Fry D. 200). Many people in this world are enduring with poverty, terrorism, and mutinously suffering f rom diseases of all kinds. These calamities depict evil at their intense, nonetheless evil is far more extreme than these. Evil is somewhat factually spread in the whole world. However, eventually evil does not triumph. Human beings are not evils. Because of the fact, that we withdraw ourselves from Hitler and POI Pot. We admire Mother Theresa and Ghanaian. Yet, people are committing wrong deeds such as, put own wants ahead of the others welfare, and even ahead the welfare of the planet.Evil is the most mystifying feature of the human beings life (Kelly, 2002). There is one way to protect human beings from evil and nefarious deeds, which is accepting the concept of existence of God. According to Christian point of view, God is the concept of sovereign being. God is the originator, aristocrat, and owner of our lives. He created everything. He is supreme; he knows everything, every emotion and situation of the entire living organism. Nothing can be hidden from Him. We should worship t owards Him for all His blessings. He is our rescuer, dissolving all our sinful deeds so that we can reunite with Him again.Nevertheless, we cannot proof concept of God in scientific terms. All living organisms are â€Å"finite† creatures; we are yet, after so many centuries this globe has created, striving to comprehend what should be â€Å"an infinite† creature if perhaps He exists. Human beings, as finite creatures gaze for an opening and an ending. It is even mentioned in the â€Å"Bible† that God is the â€Å"Alpha† and â€Å"Omega. † Nonetheless, if for suppose, humans are gods, they would merely survive in the 4th dimensional state. Humans Just cannot comprehend this philosophy. It is mention in the â€Å"Bible†, â€Å"God is love. The supremacy to create and demolish life requires the cultivating of love (Matthews, 2008). The notion that man is created in the image of God emphasizes and promotes the meaning of life. It means that hum an life is to be respected and reverenced as it promotes sacredness and preciousness. Sanctity of life is grounded in the fact that acts like abortion is considered a serious sin against God (Anthony A, 1986). There are many Christian Coalition's that warn that anyone who wants to enjoy a happy afterlife needs to believe in the teachings of God.However, we see that a large majority of Americans never attend church, and some have even adopted atheist philosophies. Yet, these individuals behave responsibly and serve the country way better than many religious priests. Throughout history, we can find exceptional examples of American heroes observing ethical standards. These include Mark Twain, Margaret Ganger and Tom Paine. The Humanistic approach to ethics has deep roots in the development of Greece to the Renaissance period which later led to the democratic societies we have in the western civilization.Similarly, there are many philosophers in history we rejected the traditional appro ach to theistic morality and developed their own code of ethics by observing the principles of logic and rational thinking. These include the lights of Emmanuel Kant, Stuart Mill and Sidney Hook. All of these philosophers maintained that for a person to be moral, he needs to have a strong control over his desires and temperament. Image Die also deals with dignity and worth of each individual as a whole. This has a huge and profound impact on how we treat and deal with others.The image of god thus eradicates this discrimination and biasness among people. It condemns any kind of exploitation in terms of color, gender, economic status, ethnicity or age. Dignity should be maintained under this concept of Image Die equally for everyone (Nancy P, 2004). The belief and concept behind the existence of God can be understood by this case. A man is lying on the hospital bed, and undergoing cancer treatment and surgery. His thoughts are racing from one concern to another. Everything, which was most important to him, is of no importance.He is only thinking about the people he loved and the relationships, he had with them. God has made everyone in this world full of love and affectionate. If love disappears from every living organism, then this world will remain no more. He always asks from his God, â€Å"Why me? † However, after a day, he also thought, â€Å"Why not me? † This was the mime that made very little sense to him. He thought about himself, â€Å"he is a good person, a God fearing individual who had lived a righteous life and shared a healthy lifestyle than others who lived alongside him. Still, He was in the hospital, fighting with a serious disease, which would take him to the door of death. He was full of fear and anxiety, and in the evil hour of 3:00 – 4:00 am he was awakened by nightmares, telling him about the Judgment day. His enemy cancer had consumed his flesh and mind, as well. After some time, he started to suffer with depression. Everyone was dealing with his sickness, not him (Dealer's, 2012). Conclusion The fact that we are made in God's image has something to learn from general living. People often strive to understand their identity.Genesis teaches u s that all these questions can only be answered in relation to God. For this, the scriptural truth should be shared globally by all the Christians. Moreover, as remarked above theology of the business leads us to more Christian values and propel us to establish the Kingdom of God in accordance with the teachings as portrayed in holy books. Conclusively, a robust view of Imago Die is an essential overview of bible. It informs us with the understanding of all purposes in relation with God. Christians should embrace the biblical account on the values of man.

Implications of U.S. Foreign Policy in Iran essays

Implications of U.S. Foreign Policy in Iran essays As the countries of the world line up into increasingly polarized political camps, the United States is facing a wide range of foreign policy issues that have assumed critical levels in recent weeks. Not only are countries in the Middle East openly defying U.S. hegemony in the region, countries in its own hemisphere such as Venezuela are arming themselves and proclaiming their opposition to American foreign policy as well. In the wake of September 11, 2001, many observers are suggesting that there is no longer any room for second guesses or false starts, and preemptive military action against international pariahs such as North Korea and Iran should be the order of the day. While the foreign policy hawks are beating these military drums, though, there are some vitally important considerations involved in this analysis that must be taken into account before formulating policy decisions, including the impact of Irans current political leadership and policies on Americas survival, se curity, stability and stature in the international community. To this end, this paper provides an analysis of the impact of the current situation in Iran on these U.S. national interests, followed by a discussion of recent events in Iran that have affected these interests. An application of the various elements of U.S. power to this situation is followed by a summary of the research and salient findings in the conclusion. Impact of Current Situation on U.S. National Interests. Survival and Security: Iran is a state-sponsor of terrorism and may be developing nuclear weapons. Today, the United States is prosecuting ground wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, and may well become involved in other regions around the world in the foreseeable future, as part of its war on terrorism. In this regard, Iran, together with other rogue nations such as North Korea, have been designated state sponsors of terrorism and remain under U.S. economic sanctions a...

Comparison between our improvisation project Essay Example

Comparison between our improvisation project Essay Example Comparison between our improvisation project Essay Comparison between our improvisation project Essay Essay Topic: The Shawshank Redemption During this term we have been working on presenting a play based on the theme of liberty. Our particular play is entitled Checkpoint Charlie. This is for option three, improvisation. I will be devising as well as developing this play with three other students from my GCSE drama class in a group of four. I will play the role of Hannah; the daughter of Franz and Bridgett and a sibling to Peter. Hannah is the oldest of the two children. Hannah cares a lot her about her brother, Peter and sacrifices herself instead of him to move away with her alcoholic father, Franz. We began working on this play in January and we expect to present this to the rest of our class in March. The storyline of our play is based on a German family struggling with the effects of a physical barrier; the Berlin wall. We have tried to include our research, for example the dates of which important events happened. We also did some research about a man named Peter who actually died trying to cross the Berlin wall, so our play relates to a true story.  To research our project we watched the film The Shawshanks redemption.  The Shawshanks Redemption is a 1994 movie, written and directed by Frank Darabont. The films main character, Andy Dufresne, was wrongly convicted of murdering his wife and was sentenced to two life sentences in a jail with very harsh conditions. However, even though these prisoners were treated particularly badly he is able to maintain his pride, humanity and hope, in order to survive. He not only does this for himself, but he manages to inspire other prisoners to do things which they wouldnt necessarily do before as well. The one person Andy inspires the most is a character called Ellis Red who becomes his greatest friend inside. Red said that Andy seemed as though he had a coat on that could protect him from this place. Which is true, because throughout the film you can see Andys mind is still free of imprisonment, even though most prisoners accept the fact that they are there for good. Andy concentrates on thinking up an escape plan which eventually he succeeds in doing. Towards the end of the film Red makes his friend Andy a promise that if he was to ever leave Shawshank he will find a certain tree in a certain field and discover what lies beneath it. Red finally after serving forty years gets paroled, but when he is free he finds the outside world lonely and strange which makes him feel afraid. Reds only motivation was to set off and find the place Andy had spoken of. Buried beneath the tree was a letter from Andy with some money, the letter read: Remember Red, hope is a good thing. Maybe the best of things. It never dies. Im hoping this letter finds you and finds you well. Your friend Andy. Reds final words were how he thought hope was the best thing in the world and what he hoped for. He hoped to go and join Andy in Mexico. I hope I make it across the border. I hope the Pacific is as blue as it has been in my dreams. I hope to see my friend and shake his hand. I hope  The film shows how prison life affects prisoners when they are released from jail. When people are in jail for a long period of time, they get used to the simplest things in life. Prisoners get food, have a place to sleep, have clothes to wear, and have books to read. They adapt to the guards always telling them when to wake up or when to eat breakfast. Prisoners get so used to these things that when they get out of jail, they dont know what to do with themselves. In the words of an important character, Andy Dufresne, they have to Get busy living or get busy dying. In the case of Brooks, a long term prisoner, he was unable to cope with fitting back into society after his release and committed suicide not long after. Life in the mid twentieth century in America was a violent time, it was a gun owning society and at this time America was racing for world dominance. This era was full of conflict between societys after the end of World War ll. There was a rise in rebellious behaviour and the civil rights movements taking place in the segregated south. All the events that took place in the 1950s led the way into the 1960s. Communism was still heard about during the Vietnam War, the beats ideas were carried on by hippies, and the Civil Rights Movement carried on well into the 1960s. At this time also, there were distinct gender roles between men and women and the different duties they had. Women were particularly subservient to men and therefore gave the impression that women are not as capable as men. After the war the movement to get rid of the death penalty in America was interrupted by the support of capital punishment. By 1920, 5 states that previously abolished capital punishment had reinforced the penalty. From 1918 to 1959 4,700 people were executed in the United States.

Conducting an environmental analysis Research Paper

Conducting an environmental analysis - Research Paper Example Since employer-assisted medical insurance, like, the Social Security Income fund, is collected from the monthly income of US citizens, it has led to a falling number of contributors and a rising number of claimants. As per a market research, the government expenditure on insurance programs, such as, Medicaid, has increased by around $3.5 billion in the year 2008 alone, owing to increasing number of claimants. This has led to many of the states opting out of the PPACA program that mandates them to increase spending on health insurance of citizens (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2008). The economic crisis has also had adverse impact on the financial performance of private insurance companies, in the form of less number of citizens opting for private insurers and higher operational costs due to rising inflation. This has also led them to take severe measures such as, initiating reductions in the extent of coverage and reimbursement of health expenses. Another major factor to be considered, during strategic planning of Jim’s Care Center, is the health care policy of the government. There has been a significant shift in the federal policy since the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA). Under this act, both insured and uninsured American citizens are guaranteed rights to receive treatment and medical attention at lower rates. This has created a stir in the medical industry, since operational costs are incrementally rising, amidst an economic crisis. The PPACA act has also mandated state governments to increase spending towards medical care of citizens, who belong to the lower income bracket and cannot afford to bear personal health expenditures (Odom, Owen, Valley and Burrell, 2011). Since the implementation of the PPACA act, it has created a huge uproar among states as they are already cash-starved due to increasing unemployment and decreasing income. It led to participating in PPACA

Personal Reflection reaction paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Personal Reflection reaction paper - Essay Example The entire scientific enterprise can be characterized as the development of sensitivities and ideas necessary to become more fully aware of what is happening all around us. Seen in this perspective, the discovery of the birthplace of the universe is a four-million-year learning event (Swimme, 1996, p. 1). In the present-day times, we face the challenge of identifying the meanings such discoveries have for human existence. It has become essential to integrate science’s understanding of the universe with more ancient intuitions concerning the meaning and destiny of the humans. This would be an opportunity to conciliate science, cultural tradition and religion. We are challenged here with understanding the significance of the human enterprise within an evolving universe. Upon our success in meeting this challenge rests the vitality of so much of the Earth Community, including the quality of life all future children will enjoy (Swimme, 1996, p. 3). The enterprise of cosmology –that is, the exploration of the origin, development and destiny of the universe– started at the beginning of humanity. As humans, we require a cultural orientation. â€Å"We are not given a fixed and final form to our orientation in life but must discover and deepen this orientation through the process of psychic development† (Swimme, 1996, p. 9). We have many different answers to the question â€Å"What does it mean to be human in this universe?† Brian Swimme proposes us to reflect on this issue, which has implications for our daily life, our family and our role in communities. From the primitive cave dwellers, people have marveled at the mystery of the cosmos, and created explanations for its origins and essence. However, Swimme points out that modern humanity might be the first culture to ignore the primordial tradition of celebrating the

Dorothy Parker and an Analysis of Her Short Stories Research Paper

Dorothy Parker and an Analysis of Her Short Stories - Research Paper Example She went through three marriages, including two with the same man. Most people say that her sharp wit was also a result of these marriages and suicidal attempts, which indulged her to take on alcohol as a soothing device. Nonetheless, this paper helps to provide an insight into three of her short stories, while comprehending how Parker has made use of wit and humour from her life, into those stories, in order to tell the world about the miseries of her marriages. She was also one of the founders of the Algonquin Round Table and wrote for Vanity Fair however, her wit proved to be too sarcastic for some of the producers. Initially however, her wit as a critic was extremely popular among the people because she told the truth in its rawest form making a number of producers and directors feel extremely uncomfortable for their less than average results in the box office. No wonder Parker was able to laugh at herself quite well too. Her stories are permanent proof of how she was witty about everything including her own personal life. For example, she had extreme ambivalent feelings about her Jewish background and she joked that in order to escape her name, she got married to a Wall Street stock broker by the name of Edwin Pond Parker II because of the anti-Semitic feelings that were prevalent in America, as well as around the world, at the time. All her stories have some or the other snippet taken from her life and this paper presents her married life in comic through her writing. (Meade, Marion) Through her worst years, Dorothy Parker always tried to maintain a very tough exterior for the world to see. This was probably because of a few reasons ranging from the already doomed image of women in the much talked about patriarchal society at the time, as well as maintaining her position as someone who had the best wit in the country at the time. She drank publicly in order to portray a sense of masculinity and to show that women could be tough as well. Parker often said, â€Å"Wit has truth in it; wisecracking is simply calisthenics with words.† (Parker, Dorothy) Despite her failed marriages, she scoffed at her own misery in public in order to show people that there were worse problems in life. â€Å"In subsequent successful volumes of poetry—Sunset Gun  (1928), Death and Taxes (1931), and  Not So Deep as a Well  (1936)—Parker poked fun at her own heartbreak, masochism, and hopefulness. Her most effective verse captures the breadth of her dreams and disappointments with bitter irony and perfect turns of phrase, but only hints at their depths.† (Itzkovitz, Daniel) One of Parker’s very famous short poems is about how she was reckless enough to drink and be with any man that she wanted to. For example, â€Å"I like to have a martini, Two at the very most. After three I’m under the table, after four I’m under my host.† However, her stories still portray women in a much closed form where they are not able to speak up other than to their own thoughts. In all her stories discussed within this paper, Parker’s characters are only able to speak to the voices in their heads. (Walker, Nancy) ‘The Waltz’ written by Parker is one of her all time best satirical pieces in which a young woman’s thoughts get meddled up as she says yes to waltzing with a man. Her cynical side gets the best of her positivism and she grimly acknowledges both the voices in her head.

The urgent need of Reformation of the Philippine Political Party System from Multi- Part to Two- Party Essay Example for Free

The urgent need of Reformation of the Philippine Political Party System from Multi- Part to Two- Party Essay REFERENCES Abueva, J. V. De Guzman, R. P. 1969. Foundations and Dynamics of Filipino Government and Politics. Manila: Bookmark, Inc. Aceron, J. 2009. Reforming the Philippine Political Party system: ideas and initiatives, debates and dynamics. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES) Almonte, Jose. 2007. To Put Our House in Order: We Must Level the Playing Field. Metro Manila, Philippines: Foundation for Economic Freedom Bernas, Joaquin. 2007. The Philippine Constitution for Ladies, Gentlemen and Others. Manila: Rex Book Store. Butwell, R. 1963. Southeast Asia Today and Tomorrow: A political analysis. Praeger Publisher Janda, K., Berry J. M. Goldman J.1992. The Challenge of Democracy in America.3rd edition. Houghton Mifflin Company Inc. Heywood, Andrew. 2002. Politics (Second Edition). Hampshire and New York: Palgrave Foundation. Hinton, H. C., Ike, N., Palmer, N. D., Callard, K., Wheeler, R. S., Kahin, G.1963. Major government of Asia.2nd edition. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. Kearney, R. N.1975. Politics and Modernization In South and Southeast Asia. Cambridge: Schenkman Publishing Companies, Inc. Lawson, Kay. 1989. The Human Polity: An Introduction to Political Science (Second Edition). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Nohlen, D. 1984. Elections and Electoral System. Bonn, Germany: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. Rocamora, Joel. 1997. The Constitutional Amendment Debate: Reforming Political Institutions, Reshaping Political Culture. In Glenda Gloria (ed.). Shift. Quezon City: Ateneo Center for Social Policy and Public Affairs. Schwartz, R. L., Phoenix, T.2001. Learning Perl. Retrieved from http://ebookbrowse.com/llamas-english-phd-2001-pdf-d426724738 Weissenbach, K. 2010. Political parties and party types- Conceptual approaches to the institutionalization of political parties in transitional states: The case of the Philipines. Makati: Konrad- Adenauer- Stiftung Manila Office. Zaide, G. F.1957. Philippine Political and Cultural History. Vol. 2. Manila: Philippine Education Company. Zaide, G. F. Zaide S. M.1969. Government and Politics of the Republic of the Philippines. ALCA Publishing Co. The urgent need of Reformation of the Philippine Political Party System from Multi- Part to Two- Party* _______________________ *A library research paper submitted to Ms. Victoria Jean R. Ella in partial fulfillment of the requirements in ENG 2 (College Writing in English). Second Semester 2012-13. University of the Philippines Los Baà ±os, College, Laguna. Alexis De Tocqueville, a French political thinker, historian and the author of the book Democracy in America, told that, ‘In politics, shared hatreds are almost always the basis of friendships’ (as cited in Janda, 2002, p. 271). The definition and formation of a party system can be dissected in this quotation of De Tocqueville. The friendship referred in the quotation is a well-established one, unified by the ‘shared hatred’ that would mean the shared ideals and principle of a party. Thus, a political party is an  association of politicians seeking power in the government to exercise their ethics and ideology for the common good of citizens. A party is also like an embodiment of the voters’ needs and wishes to the government. They choose some of its members as representatives to be candidates during elections as to secure position in the government. These representatives now will present the agendas and programs to the voters and the characteristics of efficient socialization and mobilization of a party will be tested. The latter pertains to the addressing of public welfare while socialization and mobilization is the capacity to organize in order to help those in poor status. The electorate then will select the candidate in their hearts by ballot. Hence, a party can develop through the ideas in religion, business, agriculture and other aspects. (Heywood, 2002) Political parties in a network of relationships are called party system. It should be taken note that a party system is not merely a group of political parties. There is a certain standard to be considered before warranting if it is a party system or not. The number and size of the party is the first thing to be considered. It is relevant in the electoral process as it will serve as a reference to the chances of each party to gain power. Aside from this, the number of party is related to the naming of the different types of party systems. The second consideration is the relationship possessed among each party, if it is interconnected with harmony and cooperation or with discord and conflict. Stability and the degree of orderliness must be characterized by a genuine party system. (Heywood, 2002) In c ontemporary times, there are four main types of party system. Chinese Communist Party is an example of one- party system characterized by monopoly of government power. Two- party system is characterized by two parties competing for different positions in the government to secure power. This kind of system is practiced in USA and UK. Dominant party system is not really well- known due to some people confusing it to the one- party system. The difference is that parties are competing for power but there is a dominant party prevailing for a long period of time. The multiparty system is the type wherein there are more than two parties competing for power. (Heywood, 2002) Philippines is one of those countries using the multiparty system. There are many registered parties in the country but is characterized by low esteem and perceived as â€Å"selfish, dishonest, biased and incapable of recruiting quality leaders†Ã‚  (Lawson, 1989). The situation of political parties in the Philippines according to Rocamora â€Å"are not divided on the basis of long-term upper class interests, much less the interests of the lower classes†(Rocamora, 1997). Instead, â€Å"they are temporary and unstable coalitions of upper class fractions pieced together for elections and post-election battles for patronage. They come together only to put down assertions of lower class interests. The rest of the time they maneuver in particularistic horsetrading and the perennial search for deals.† According to Aceron (2009), Philippine parties are still far from reality as they are performing well the functions of candidate selection, leadership formation, interest aggregation and agenda development, for this reason, this library research paper was written to inform the Filipinos and to persuade them to take an urgent measure to address this big problem by reforming our party system from multi- party to a two- party system. The history of the party system in the country is notable due to Americans intervention during colonial rule (Butwell, 1963). Furthermore, it is said to be historically and culturally rich. The existence of party system can be traced during the Spanish regime. It was happened shortly after the â€Å"Cry of Balintawak† in August 26, 1896. The clash between Emilio Aguinaldo, warlord of Cavite and Andres Bonifacio, founder of Katipunan during the first presidential election created two political parties. The Magdiwang under Bonifacio while the Magdalo lead by Aguinaldo. Soon, the hostility between these to parties reached to its limit and caused the death of Andres Bonifacio . During the war of Philippine Independence (1899- 1902), a rivalry was formed between the ‘pacifists’ led by Dr. Pedro A. Paterno and Felipe Buencamino Sr. and the ‘irreconciliables’ led by Apolinario Mabini and Gen. Antonio Luna. The pacifists favored the American government while the irreconciliables still struggled to achieve independence. (Zaide, 1969) Americans established our party system into a well- organized one. In December 1900, the first political party called Federal Party formed with American authorization due to Federal Party favored the United States over the independence (Zaide, 1957). This party was later dissolved due to failure implementation of its earliest platforms. The remnants of the Federal Party joined together to formed the Partido Nacionalista which the  main objective is to obtain independence. Sergio Osmena was the first Nacionalista leader while Manuel Quezon was the second- in- command. The former Federal Party, now called Partido Progresista was utterly defeated before the elections. The Partido Nacionalista and Partido Progresista were the two major competing parties from 19907 until the early 1930’s. Later, the Progresista dissolved in 1931. Soon after, minor parties made an appearance which did not lasted too long. (Abueva, 1969) There was no opposition party during Japanese occupation (1942- 1946). After the World War II, Nacionalistas broke into two groups: the Nacionalista party and the Liberal party. Former president Elpidio Qurino represented the Liberal party in 1949 presidential election and won. Due to the rumor of denominating of Quirino, the Democratic party was formed in 1953. Carlos P. Romulo, a presidential candidate competed against Ramon Magsaysay of Nacionalista which lead to Magsaysay won the election. After Magsaysay’s death, his supporters formed a party called Progressive Party of the Philippines, later renamed Grand Alliance led by Pres. Carlos P. Garcia. The party was successful at first as it won about 20 percent of the vote in 1957 but in 1961, the national leaders of PPP- GA switched to the more organized Liberal party. Those leaders who switched run for national offices and won in the next elections. (Abueva, 1969) In 1961 presidential election between former presidents Diosdado Macapagal and Carlos Garcia served to reform the nature of Filipino politics specially our party system. Garcia was defeated due to Macapagal’s platforms resemblance to Magsaysay wherein they both believed that economic success in the country can be attained without the intervention of the government. The Nacionalista, however, seeked for rapid industrialization. (Abueva, 1969) In modern era, these parties are described as a â€Å"temporary political alliances† and the worst is being merely a â€Å"fans club† (Aceron, 2009). We cannot blame those people for their comment because this is the truth. Our party and party system can be called to such title but they are really far from what they should be to be able to play their significant role for the development of the Philippines. .Philippine parties are far more different of what political parties should be. It is characterized by a personality and money  based kind of politics with â€Å"selfish, dishonest, biased and incapable of recruiting quality leaders (Lawson, 1989). They do not fulfill the function of representing the people’s need and wishes and interest aggregation. Consequently, the public often views efforts aimed at party-strengthening as mere attempts to further entrench traditional politics and elite interests. This is perhaps the greatest challenge in changing the country’s party syste Philippines parties are described as a â€Å"temporary political alliances† and the worst is being merely a â€Å"fans club† (Aceron, 2009). We cannot blame those people for their comment because this is the truth. Our party and party system can be called to such title but they are really far from what they should be as they are seemingly forgot their significant role for the development of the Philippines. Given the way party politics is practiced in the Philippines, it is no surprise that the impact of political parties has not been favorable to democratization. â€Å"Because of its weaknesses, the party system,† according to Almonte, â€Å"has failed to offer meaningful policy choices—and so to provide for orderly change† (Almonte, 2007). If we follow Nohlen who defines the party system as â€Å"referring to number of parties, relative strength, ideological dimen sions and distances of competing parties† (Nohlen, 1984), the Philippine party system can thus be described as multi-party, fluid, non-ideological, non-participatory and not offering programmatic choices. The multi- party system composed of many political parties competing government position. Thus, this system reduced the opportunity to grab position. One of the important strengths of this system is that â€Å"they create internal checks and balances within government and exhibit a bias in favor of debate, conciliation and compromise† (Heywood, 2002). Coalition formation is the process of maintenance to make sure that the parties’ principles and ideas must be taken account. Unfortunately, this strength can be turned into a flaw if this coalition formation failed. Another problem is the lack of clear ideological alternatives due to a dominated political center. The Philippines as of now is still using the multi- party system. Since political parties were established, our country used the two- party system (Zaide, 1969). The truth is that the Philippines is the only country in which a two- party system has developed since Independence.(Butwell, 1963) It was shown in the history of our country’s party such as in the case of Ramon Magsaysay , a member of Liberal party but he was chosen as a presidential candidate for Nacionalista party. This same goes as well with the late Ferdinand Marcos who also was with the Liberal party but was chosen to be a candidate for the Nacionalistas. Therefore, our party system is characterized by an inter- party switching and this became a common thing among politicians until today.(Kearney, 1975) The two – party system is composed of two major parties seeking government power. Examples of countries using this kind of system are the USA and UK. USA’s Republicans and Democrats are the two major parties. Thus, entailing a greater chance to win. Two- party system is the surest way to achieve an effective, centralized government. This system might lead to a party government which is characterized by stability, choice and accountability. It is an ideal type of system of system to be re placed in the unorganized, decentralized party system. This prevailed in the UK in the 1950’s and 1960’s. But like the multi- party system, it also has its own flaw. One flaw is that what happens if the two major parties tend to be evenly matched collide. It might lead to the voters hesitations or doubts to which party will really represent them. Another flaw is the limited choice of only two programmes each party will propose during election campaigns. Thus, again will give a hard time for the voters to decide. (Heywood, 2002) Japan is another example of a country practicing the two- party system. Their system is highly centralized in terms of structure. The national offices are subdivided into prefectural and local party offices. ( Hinton, 1963) Another reason for changing from the multi- party into a two- party system is that the opposition candidates are using ‘space goat’. They proclaimed all the evil deeds that the administration and as they do so, people believed and sympathized with them. At the time they win in the election, they tend to overlook the simple but significant problems that must be immediately addressed such as land laws, divorce and etc. Thus, the country cannot sacrifice the level of democracy. (Weissenbach, 2010) Parties do not really select their own candidates but instead these candidates only using the party’s power and connections for their own advantage to win the election. (Aceron, 2009)Thus, there is wide gap between standard and  practice in terms of political party. Another concern in the Philippine elections is that it became the process of pure evil doings. Candidates from different parties tend to used money in order to win and voters unfortunately, was being the base of who will they vote and not on what a party’s platforms and leadership credentials. To address this problem, Philippine party- system will be devised into â€Å"personalistic politics and the rule of guns, gold, and goods, and would serve as ‘a ‘germ’ for a parliamentary form of government† (Schwartz, 2001) to achieved a real party – system. This experiment was not successful due to Comelec’s lack of concern for organizational credentials in registering party- list groups. Instead, our party system became more plaque of by issues and controversies. This experiment implies that the country must change into two- party system since the Philippines current party system is not effective enough to represent all Filipinos. This is due that our country has a plurality system which means that the highest number of votes is used to determine the winners. The multi- party system and the plurality system is negatively correlated. For instance, after the Martial Law Filipino voters’s trust for the delicacy of each presidential candidate. Evidences tell that plurality goes well with the two party system since the latter gives a wall of distinction between each parties. In fact, it is expected that a plurality/ majority electoral system will produce a two-party system (Nohlen, 1984). Hence, the combination of the Philippine multi- party system and plurality elections is a flaw combination. With this, parties could hardly develop; simply because the leadership of the government resulting from the elections does not reflect the party performance in the elections. If it was a multi-party system in a proportional representation electoral system, the number of votes garnered by the party determines the number of seats it occupies in the government. But in a plurality election with multi-party system, though an infinite number of political parties is allowed, the result of the elections would  only yield two kinds of parties: a losing party and a winning party. The link between the result of the elections and the configuration of leadership in government is diluted. Another solution they tried is the Republic Act No. 7941 or Party- List Act. It is a law which winners are determined based on the percentage of votes a party gets out of the total number of votes cast for the party list (Aceron, 2009). According to renowned constitutionalist Joaquin Bernas (2007): â€Å"The 1935 Constitution and the Philippine election law up to the 1987 Election Code gave a preferred position to the two major political parties. This was the two-party system. The clear impression, which had emerged from the constitutional scheme prior to the 1987 Constitution was that the electoral system planned and plotted to insure the perpetuation of the party in power. The 1987 Constitution once again makes a try at promoting a multi-party system or open party system. The party-list system, already discussed under Article VI, is meant to be an instrument for fostering the multi-party system. â€Å" As per the evidences presented, the current Philippine party system still lacks of genuine power to work for the common good of our country. Philippines used to be two- party system and as we all know those times were our country proved to be in a good in terms of economy and leadership. Therefore, Philippines must change to two- party system in order to achieve a centralized, effective and organized system that will work for the common good and well- being of their fellow Filipinos without sacrificing the level of democracy.